Just a quick technical point here. We have never put a human being past earth orbit. In theory, the Saturn V might have been able to escape earth orbit, but then how would he have returned home after doing this?
The gravity of earth and the moon were critical components to the flights of the Apollo program, both as a mechanism to get to the moon and also a mechanism to get back home. And the moon is very much in earth orbit.
The technology to achieve this is certainly there. What's missing is the desire to pay the money and take the risks inherent in the process. A manned mission to Mars for example is well within the framework of existing technology. But, I seriously wonder if humanity today has the desire to really do it. It is a lot more difficult and expensive to send a ship with people onboard than sending a ship without. As the quality of remotely operated sensors and communications have improved, one must really wonder if manned missions in the solar system have sufficient value to even bother. I mean, what could we have learned from a manned mission to Mars that we have not already learned from the various remotely operated vehicles already sent?
Going back to Scott Carpenter, I remember what his fellow Mercury astronauts said about him. He only went into space once due to a conflict that arouse between NASA supervisors, specifically Chris Kraft. But, his fellow astronauts said Carpenter got more out of that one flight than any other person ever did. In many ways, Carpenter was the most philosophically astute of the Mercury Seven. But, the truth is that Carpenter had to conduct much of the reentry maneuver manually due to a series of mechanical malfunctions in the automated controls. That he never flew in space again was truly a reflection of the control contest between the ground controllers and the astronauts, and what was lost at the time is that without the manual piloting skills of Carpenter, the mechanical failures would have likely resulted in his death and the loss of the spacecraft in reentry.
Sadly, many of the NASA ground controllers, including Kraft, peddled an angle that blamed additional fuel expenditures on Carpenter not paying attention while conducting experiments, going so far initially as to blame these lapses on delays in the firing of the reentry boosters. But, later on more objective research into the mission proved it was really a series of mechanical failures and it was Carpenter who single-handedly willed that mission to a successful finish. Two failures required Carpenter to engage manual overrides, and he had to engage them twice because the first time the automatic systems failed to release control to him. He splashed down 250 miles from the planned point, but was such a cool customer that he was floating in the life raft beside the spacecraft when he was found. One suspects if he had a fishing pole with him, he'd have baited it and tried his hand to net one!
Carpenter proved that the so-called "man in the can," was really and truly a pilot in command. It's a shame the politics got in the way of truly recognizing the outstanding skills and coolness under pressure that Carpenter showed that day. What the man really did was totally validate, and vindicate, the astronauts for demanding there be manually operated controls to backup the automated systems.
Ken