IIRC there was a Tupolev by someone years ago which modelled icing of the windshield, and I blv the L-39 by Lotus does the same for the whole canopy
As does the superb Eterndard IV model by RFN ...
Clever - never thought much of these kinds of effects, but they could be interesting ... could have other implications - oil on surface from a damaged engine, as mentioned with the RA Spitfire.
Thinking further outside the box - and my idea comes from the Virtavia F-105, which has strike/post strike models (but no releasable weapons). On many recent models that do have releasable weapons, perhaps there could be a way that with weapons loaded, model is clean (clean as in not dirty, aircraft has been cleaned before launch); once weapons are fired, (ie after mission, gun muzzle residue, oil, maybe even some light flak damage).
Obviously, the logic is a bit weak - it certainly doesn't follow that every mission where weapons are launched would result in getting dirty or damaged - but if you're really after that kind of effect, that's one way to trigger it. You could trigger it to fuel state (30% = damage), but that's just as weak, because if you air refueled, you'd get "clean" again. Similarly, some 60s era aircraft launched with partial tank loads than air-refueld after taking off (early S.1 Buccs, as an example), so then you'd launch "dirty/damaged" and then get clean again.
On the civilian firebomber side of things, you could mirror the above process so that after releasing your retardant, extra smoke, dirt, weathered/blistered paint appears.
A subtler , more authentic effect might be when when the touchdown_dirt effects get triggered, that you get some dirt on your aircraft ... for STOL and bush aircraft, might be a bit less contrived.
Sounds like a mountain of work, and likely more applicable to a combat-type sim than FSX ... but then again, it was not that long ago that I recall thinking that external pilot animations were hokey and contrived ... and now they're de rigeur. Just keeping an open mind ...
DL