OK....what you're suffering from is a corrupted iconcache database.
You will need to hunt it down and simply delete it. Windows will re-create it for you....
C:\Users\ yourlogon\AppData\Local\iconcache.db
That "should" fix your problem [but being Windows nothing is guaranteed]...
Any shell enhancements can interfere with the drawing of the desktop...as part of their function....or disfunction, depending on success/competence. If the GUI enhancements are from Stardock you would be OK, but there are others out there which are not properly supported and are frequently broken by...good old Windows Updates...