The
Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) extinction event, informally known as the
Great Dying,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0">
[1]</sup> was an
extinction event that occurred
251.4 million years ago,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jin2000_1-0">
[2]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bowring1998_2-0">
[3]</sup> forming the boundary between the
Permian and
Triassic geologic periods. It was the Earth's most severe extinction event, with up to 96 percent of all
marine species<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Benton_3-0">
[4]</sup> and 70 percent of
terrestrial vertebrate species becoming
extinct; it is the only known mass extinction of
insects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Labandeira_4-0">
[5]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sole_5-0">
[6]</sup> Fifty-seven percent of all families and 83% of all genera were killed. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on earth took significantly longer than after other extinction events.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Benton_3-1">
[4]</sup> This event has been described as the "mother of all mass extinctions".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Erwin1993_6-0">
[7]</sup>
Researchers have variously suggested that there were from one to three distinct pulses, or phases, of extinction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-YinGSSP_7-0">
[8]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jin2000_1-1">
[2]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Yin1992_8-0">
[9]</sup> There are several proposed mechanisms for the extinctions; the earlier phase was likely due to gradualistic environmental change, while the latter phase has been argued to be due to a catastrophic event. Suggested mechanisms for the latter include large or multiple
bolide impact events, increased
volcanism, and
sudden release of
methane hydrates from the sea floor; gradual changes include sea-level change,
anoxia, increasing
aridity,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TannerLucas_9-0">
[10]</sup> and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change.